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Advanced testing may be necessary for men who do not respond to behavioral therapy, do not respond to medications or who have side effects from medication.

In order to determine whether a patient is an appropriate candidate for certain procedures a cystoscopy may be necessary and urodynamic testing may be indicated to evaluate bladder function prior to consideration of advanced therapy.

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Cystoscopy involves placing a small telescope through the urethra and into the bladder. This allows your provider to visualize the entire urethra and bladder to discover if there are any abnormalities such stones, scar tissue or tumors. Cystoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that can be done with minimal irritation. Patients do not need to stop any medications prior to cystoscopy unless it is known that a biopsy is being done. If a biopsy is planned your provider may ask you to stop blood thinning medications.

For outpatient cystoscopic procedures done under local anesthesia there is no need to stop eating or drinking prior to the procedure.

Procedure

Typically cystoscopy is done with a small telescope under local anesthesia (lidocaine in the urethra). You may receive a single dose of antibiotics prior to the procedure at the discretion of your provider. To prepare for the procedure the nurse will cleanse the area with an antiseptic soap and then insert the anesthetic jelly into the urethra. This is allowed to sit for a few minutes for the anesthetic to work. The provider will use a cystoscope to inspect the entire lower urinary tract. The scope is a is a thin, lighted tube that has a camera attached. Water or saline is infused through the cystoscope to aid in visualization. Generally the images can be seen on a video monitor for both the physician and the patient to see the inside of the urinary tract.

After the procedure patients can continue normal medications, continue a normal diet, participate in normal activities and resume sexual activity the next day.

Risks and possible complications

Cystoscopy is a relatively minor procedure with few risks. Typically it is done under local anesthetic and you might have some discomfort as the cystoscope is inserted or a feeling of bladder fullness when the scope is in the bladder. Occasionally after the procedure, there will be an increase in urinary frequency and some mild discomfort which typically resolves within a day.

Rarely cystoscopy, for diagnostic purposes, is done under general anesthesia. In these cases, there will no pain during the procedure, however the same frequency and mild burning will occur afterward. There are added risks of general anesthesia present such as the rare incidence of medication allergy, cardiac complications such as heart attack or pulmonary complications such as difficulty breathing.

Urodynamics (UDS) is a test that measures your urinary flow, bladder and abdominal pressures when urinating and pelvic floor muscle contractions. The purpose of the test is to identify the cause of your urinary urgency and possible urinary leakage. Your symptoms may occur because the bladder muscle is contracting when you don’t want it to (urge incontinence), the pelvic muscles that keep you dry may be weak and leakage occurs when you cough or are active (stress incontinence) or a combination of both.

UDS is a diagnostic procedure that can be done with minimal irritation. Patients do not need to stop any medications prior to UDS and there is no need to stop eating or drinking prior to the procedure.

Procedure

Prior to the test, urinalysis will be done to rule out a urinary tract infection (UTI). If a UTI is present, we will treat the UTI and reschedule the test for another day. Having the UDS with a UTI can be very painful, puts you at risk for worsening the infection and can affect the results.

The initial phase of the testing involves a uroflow exam. This requires you to urinate into a special device that will show us how rapidly your urine flows. The voiding time, voiding rate and pattern of flow helps us determine what may be wrong with your bladder and the way you urinate.

The next phase of urodynamics involves the cystometrogram. A cystometrogram gives us information about bladder sensation, bladder compliance (the ability of the bladder to stretch), bladder capacity, unstable bladder contractions and urinary incontinence.

In order to perform adequate urodynamics it is necessary to insert pressure sensing catheters. We will need to place one catheter into the urinary bladder through the urethra which will not only measure pressures, but also be used for bladder filling. A second pressure sensing catheter will be place in the rectum(or vagina in some women) in order to obtain correct pressure measurements and avoid artifacts from tightening up or pushing with your abdominal muscles.

Additionally we will place small conductive pads around the urethra to determine the electrical activity of the urethra. When you urinate, the urethra is supposed to relax and not squeeze and we need to see if this is happening.

Once everything is setup you are sitting in a special chair tilted slightly back and then we slowly fill your bladder with fluid about an ounce per minute. We ask you when you first feel that we are filling your bladder and then when your bladder is so full that you cannot hold anymore fluid. At that point we will stop filling your bladder. We will then ask you to perform a series of actions and check for leakage.

The final phase of urodynamic testing involves a pressure flow voiding study. During pressure flow urodynamics simultaneous measurements of bladder pressure, urinary flow rate and urinary sphincter activity will provide the provider with information regarding bladder contractility, outlet obstruction and coordination between the bladder and sphincter muscle.

Risks of urodynamics

The primary risks of urodynamic testing involve the placement of the catheter with a minor risks of infection, bleeding, discomfort and an increase in bladder irritability.

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